Dimensions and Components of Blockchain in Education
Subject Areas :azam abdolmaleki 1 , Mojgan Abdollahi 2 * , Parisa Irannejad 3
1 - Department of Educational Sciences, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
2 - Department of Educational Sciences, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
3 - Department of Educational Sciences, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Keywords: blockchain, blockchain technology in education, blockchain-based education.,
Abstract :
The presented study aims to identify key dimensions and components of blockchain technology in education and to present a comprehensive framework for capacities that this technology could contribute to educational systems. This study is considered applied-developmental in terms of purpose and is qualitative with a meta- synthesis orientation. To this aim, articles on blockchain technology in education published between 2020 and 2025 were collected from major scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Elsevier, Web of Science, Emerald, and ATripleA. After conducting a systematic screening process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 98 studies were selected for the purpose of analysis. Next, documentary analysis was done using a three-stage coding procedure—open, axial, and selective coding—with the aid of MAXQDA software. The data analysis process revealed three principal dimensions of blockchain technology in education. The educational dimension highlights the management of teaching and learning processes, personalized learning, assessment, credential verification, and educational accessibility. The managerial dimension involves governance, organizational and financial management, and the facilitation of institutional collaboration and stakeholder interaction. The security dimension encompasses data security, privacy protection, traceability, monitoring, and the immutability of educational records. The results indicate that blockchain technology, beyond its role as a technical tool, offers the potential to transform educational, management, and accreditation processes as a transparent, secure, and decentralized infrastructure. The establishment of educational systems on the basis of blockchain can develop a platform for quality, inclusive, and sustainable education. In addition, it could create a ground for reducing counterfeiting, strengthening privacy, and facilitating interaction educational stakeholders.
1. افکانه، م.، و جعفری، ز. (1403). طراحی الگوی جامع آموزش و توسعه منابع انسانی بانک سینا. فصلنامه آموزش و توسعه منابع انسانی، 11(41)، 155-173..
2. خداپرست، س.، نامی، ک.، و ذاکری، م. (1403). شناسایی ابعاد، مؤلفهها و شاخصهای توسعهای یادگیری فراگیرمحور و جامع کارکنان. فصلنامه آموزش و توسعه منابع انسانی، 11(43)، 48-73. https://doi.org/10.66224/istd.47817.11.43.48
3. سیف م ع. روانشناسی تربیتی: روانشناسی آموزش و یادگیری. ویرایش جدید. تهران: نشر دوران؛ ۱۴۰۲.
4. شفیعی بهنمیری س ف. بررسی و شناسایی مؤلفههای پذیرش الگوهای جدید فناوری اطلاعات (مطالعه موردی: بلاکچین). ماهنامه آفاق علوم انسانی. ۱۴۰۱؛ 6(66): 51-70.
5. صفایی موحد س. تکنولوژی آموزشی: رویکردها و کاربردها در عصر دیجیتال. تهران: انتشارات سمت؛ ۱۴۰۰.
6. عبدالملکی ا، عبدالهی م، ایراننژاد پ. واکاوی مؤلفههای مدیریت آموزش مبتنی بر فناوری بلاکچین: یک مرور سیستماتیک. فصلنامه تعالی تعلیم و تربیت و آموزش. ۱۴۰۵؛ 4(3): 57-78. doi: 10.71588/eetj.2026.1236296.
7. فتحی واجارگاه ک. برنامهریزی درسی به سوی دورههای تحصیلی آینده. تهران: انتشارات آییژ؛ ۱۴۰۱.
8. Al-Hakimi W, Al-Koliby IS. Blockchain adoption and its impact on sustainability of accounting education. Environ Dev Sustain. 2026;28(6):1145-1168. doi:10.1007/s10668-024-05466-9.
9. Ariffin NHM, Zulkefli NAM, Nasruddin ZA. Challenges of blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable education: an analysis using AI-based literature review. J Adv Res Des. 2025;127(1):173-188.
10. Arniaty A, Safitri R, Pradani W, Nurbojatmiko, Abdullah. Design and implementation of a blockchain-based shipment tracking proof-of-concept for academic application. In: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 2025; 2025. p. 134. doi:10.36722/psn.v5i1.5053.
11. Chemmalar Selvi G, Ostwal RA, Arulkumar V, Arif M, Nithya TM, Peter TJ. Blockchain in education: transforming the future of document verification management. AIP Conf Proc. 2026;3345(1):020281. doi:10.1063/5.0298208.
12. Choudhary A, Chawla M, Tiwari N. Analyzing functional, technical and bibliometric trends of blockchain applications in education: a systematic review. Multimed Tools Appl. 2025;84:4003-4048. doi:10.1007/s11042-024-20303-x.
13. European Commission. Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027): resetting education and training for the digital age. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2021. doi:10.2766/695977.
14. Gaba P, Sugandh U, Panwar A, Kaswan KS, Jain A. Exploring blockchain’s disruptive potential in education: opportunities and challenges. AIP Conf Proc. 2026;3410:040009. doi:10.1063/5.0339651.
15. Gharat PS, Choudhary G, Shandilya SK, Sihag V. Future applications of blockchain in education sector: a semantic review. In: You I, Kim H, Youn TY, Palmieri F, Kotenko I, editors. Mobile Internet Security. Singapore: Springer; 2022. p. [insert page numbers]. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9576-6_8.
16. Halloluwa T, De Silva C. Blockchain in education technology: a tool for challenges in education technology: a review paper. Preprints. 2025. doi:10.20944/preprints202503.0130.v1.
17. Hannan SA. Application and scope of blockchain in technical research and higher education. NeuroQuantology. 2022;20(15):6185-6191. doi:10.48047/NQ.2022.20.15.NQ88619.
18. Jangid A, Patila K. Blockchain in education. AIP Conf Proc. 2023;2523:020096. doi:10.1063/5.0110211.
19. Kiriakos D, Psaromiligkos Y. Blockchain technology and vocational open online courses. In: Open Science in Engineering. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. 903-915. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42467-0_85.
20. Kuleto V, et al. The potential of blockchain technology in higher education as perceived by students in Serbia, Romania, and Portugal. Sustainability. 2022;14:749.
21. Kyun S, Yang H, Seo H. The trends and foci of blockchain applications in higher education: a systematic review and keyword network analysis. Educ Technol Soc. 2025;28(3):419-449. doi:10.30191/ETS.202507_28(3).RP06.
22. Ma Y, Fang Y. Current status, issues, and challenges of blockchain applications in education. Int J Emerg Technol Learn. 2020;15:20-31.
23. Mujezinovic A, Joksimovic A, Kostic D, Jolovic M, Simic M. Blockchain-based platform for tracking students’ achievements. In: SINTEZA 2025 International Scientific Conference on Information Technology, Computer Science, and Data Science; 2025. p. 267-273. doi:10.15308/Sinteza-2025-267-273.
24. Saputra MAW, Ochtaffia D, Apriani D, Yusfi SC, Gori M. Blockchain applications in education affecting challenges and problems in digital. Blockchain Front Technol. 2022;2(2):15-23. doi:10.34306/bfront.v2i2.155.
25. Sawant R. Revolutionizing education sector by leveraging blockchain technology: state of art. AIP Conf Proc. 2023;2690:020012. doi:10.1063/5.0119425.
26. Sharkey-Toppen TP, Hoffman TC, McCamey K, Bahner DP. Blockchain in education: linking competency assessment with credentialing. In: Stawicki S, editor. Blockchain in Healthcare. Cham: Springer; 2023. p. [insert page numbers]. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14591-9_10.
27. Shekhar S, Chandrasekaran K, Simon S, Mathew J. A comprehensive review of blockchain in education: applications and future prospects [Internet]. ResearchGate; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390521600
28. Sibanda S. Blockchain technology in education: a systematic review. Int J Res Innov Appl Sci. 2025;10(2):492. doi:10.51584/IJRIAS2025.10020044.
29. Suktam W, Lapchit S, Supsin J. Blockchain in education: transforming learning, credentialing, and academic data management. J Educ Learn Rev. 2024;1(6):37-46. doi:10.60027/jelr.2024.739.
30. Xu Z, Cheng X, Wang Y, Wu S. Challenges and solutions faced by blockchain in education informatization. In: 2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Educational Informatization (CSEI). New York: IEEE; 2021. doi:10.1109/CSEI51395.2021.9477738.
31. Jha R. Survey on blockchain technology and security facilities in online education. In: Panda SK, Mishra V, Dash SP, Pani AK, editors. Recent Advances in Blockchain Technology. Intell Syst Ref Libr. Vol. 237. Cham: Springer; 2023. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22835-3_6.
32. ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN qualifications reference framework: a practical guide and all you need to know [Internet]. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat; 2018 Dec. Available from: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/AQRF-Publication-2018-Final.pdf
33. Abdullah K, Saleh K, Manuel P. Blockchain adoption in education with enhancing data privacy through Hyperledger Fabric. World J Inf Syst. 2026;3(2):15-30. doi:10.17013/wjis.v3i2.57.
34. Turkanovic M, Holbl M, Kosic K, Hericko M, Kamisalic A. EduCTX: a blockchain-based higher education credit platform. IEEE Access. 2018;6:5112-5127. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2789929.