Applying a Meta-Synthesis Qualitative Approach to Provide a Model of Unlearning Outcomes in the Organization
Subject Areas :
1 -
Keywords: Unlearning- consequences- meta synthesis,
Abstract :
Organizational learning and unlearning have attracted the attention of many researchers and this has become an important element of innovation and processes of sustainable individual and organizational change. This study aims to identify the consequences of organizational unlearning using the meta-synthesis method. In line with this method, after filtering the articles, finally, 40 researches that directly dealt with the implications of organizational unlearning implications entered the analysis stage in Maxqda software. After the integration step, 28 distinct codes were identified, and among the identified codes were; Outputs of innovation with 6 references, unlearning and organizational flexibility with 4 references, and radical innovation and overall performance with 3 references had the highest number of references in research texts, respectively. At higher levels of abstraction, codes were categorized into 11 concepts and finally into 6 categories (innovative capabilities, competitive value chain promotion, organizational entrepreneurship, organizational agility and transformation, participatory knowledge management, and human resource empowerment).
References:
1- Starbuck, H.W. Unlearning what we knew and rediscovering what we could have known. Scand Journal Management. (2009); 25(2):240-2.
2- Tsang, E. W. K., & Zahra, S. Organizational unlearning. Human Relations. (2008); 61(10), 1435-1462.
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5- Yang, k.p., Chou, C., & Chiu, Y.J. How unlearning affects radical innovation: The dynamics of social capital and slack resources, Technological Forecasting & Social Change. (2014). (article in press).
6- Wong, P.S.P., Cheung, S.O., Yiu, R.L.Y., & Hardie, M. The unlearning dimension of organizational learning in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management. (2012); 30: 94–104.
7- Wensley, A.K.P., & Cegarra Navarro, J.G. Overcoming knowledge loss through the utilization of an unlearning context. Journal of Business Research. (2015); 68(7): 1563-1569.
8- Zhao, Y., Lu, Y. & Wang, X. Organizational unlearning and organizational relearning: a dynamic process of knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management. (2013); 17(6): 902-912.
9- Adli, F. Unlearning; A way to learn more. Education Strategies. (2010); 3(1): 17-21.
10- Raste Moghaddam, A. And Abbaspour, A. In search of a new model of organizational Unlearning. Journal of Educational Sciences, Fourth Year. (2011); 16: 81-105.
11- Mohammadi Moghaddam, Y., Dadfar, A., and Gozmeh, A. Investigating the effect of organizational Unlearning on organizational performance with respect to the mediating variable of organizational agility. Public Management Research. (2016): 248-265.
12- Rajabipour Meybodi, AR, Hosseini, A. And Ajrlu, f. (2018). Analysis of the effect of Unlearning components in the organization on human resource development. Quarterly Journal of Human Resources Education and Development, Fifth Year, No. 17, pp. 137-157.
13- Nazaripour, a.h., shah siyan, N. Investigating the moderating role of remedial learning in the relationship between adaptation of new knowledge and knowledge transfer in the knowledge-based company. Management Research in Iran. (2018); 22(4): 23-47.
14- Akgün, A., Byrne, J., Lynn, G. and Keskin, H. Organizational unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management. (2007); 20(6): 794-812.
15- Becker, K. Unlearning as a driver of sustainable change and innovation: three Australian case studies. International Journal of Technology Management. (2008); 42(1/2): 89-106.
16- Becker, K., Hyland, P. and Acutt, B. Considering unlearning in HRD practices: an Australian study. Journal of European Industrial Training. (2006); 30(8): 608-621.
17- Becker, K. Facilitating unlearning during implementation of new technology. Journal of Organizational Change Management. (2010); 23(3): 251-268.
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19- Casillas, J.C., Acedoa, F.J., Barbero, J.L. Learning, unlearning and internationalisation: Evidence from the pre-export phase. International Journal of Information Management. (2010); 30: 162–173.
20- Akgün, A.E., Byrne, J.C., Lynn, G.S., Keskin, H. New product development in turbulent environments: Impact of improvisation and unlearning on new product performance. Journal of Engineering. (2007); 4(1): 99-121.
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22- Burt, G., & Nair, A.K. Rigidities of imagination in scenario planning: Strategic foresight through ‘Unlearning’. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. (2020); 153.
23- Wang, X., Qi, Y. & Zhao, Y. Individual unlearning, organizational unlearning and strategic flexibility: The down-up change perspective. Baltic Journal of Management. (2019); 14(1): 2-18.
24- Klammer, A. & Gueldenberg, S. Honor the old, welcome the new: an account of unlearning and forgetting in NPD teams. European Journal of Innovation Management. (2019). Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
25- Delshab, V. & Sadeghi Boroujerdi, SInvestigating the influence of unlearning on knowledge management in sport organizations. Kybernetes. (2018); 47(10): 2025-2040.
26- Aledo Ruíza, M.D., Ortega Gutiérrez, J., Martínez-Caroa, E., Cegarra-Navarro., J.G. Linking an unlearning context with firm performance through human capital. European Research on Management and Business Economics. (2017); 23:16–22.
27- Wang, X., Xi, Y., Xie, J. & Zhao, Y. Organizational unlearning and knowledge transfer in cross-border M&A: the roles of routine and knowledge compatibility. Journal of Knowledge Management. (2017); 21(6): 1580-1595.
28- Cegarra‐Navarro, J.G., Sánchez‐Vidal, M.E., Cegarra‐Leiva, D. Linking Unlearning with Work–Life Balance: An Initial Empirical Investigation into SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management. (2015); 54(1): 373-391.
29- Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Eldridge, S., & Martinez-Martinez, A. Managing environmental knowledge through unlearning in Spanish hospitality companies. Journal of Environmental Psychology. (2010); 30(2): 249-257.
30- Lei, D., Slocum, J.W., & Pitts, R.A. Designing organizations for competitive advantage: The power of unlearning and learning. Organizational Dynamics. (1999); 27(3): 24-38.
31- Leal-Rodríguez, A.L., Eldridge, S., Roldán, J.L., Leal-Millán, A.G., & Ortega-Gutiérrez, J. Organizational unlearning, innovation outcomes, and performance: The moderating effect of firm size. Journal of Business Research. (2014); (article in press).
32- Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Sánchez-Vidal, M.E., & Cegarra-Leiva, D. Balancing exploration and exploitation of knowledge through an unlearning context. An empirical investigation in SMEs. Management Decision. (2011); 49(7): 1099–1119.
33- Cepeda-Carrión, G., Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., & Jimenez-Jimenez, D. The effect of absorptive capacity on innovativeness: Context and information systems capability as catalysts. British Journal of Management. (2012); 23: 110–129.
34- Moitra, D. & Ganesh, J.. Web services and flexible business processes: towards the adaptive enterprise. Information & Management. (2005); 42(7): 921–933.
35- Gabriel Cegarra‐Navarro, J. & Arcas‐Lario, N. Building co‐operative knowledge through an unlearning context. Management Research Review. (2011); 34(5): 609-623.
36- Antonacopoulou, EImpact and scholarship: unlearning and practising to co-create actionable knowledge. Development and Learning in Organizations. (2010); 24(2).
37- Lyles, M.A., Szabot, K., Kocsis, E., Barden, J., Dhanaraj, C., Steensma, K., & Tihanyi, L. A Longitudinal Study of Organizational Learning, Unlearning, and Innovation Among IJVs in a Transitional Economy, Strategy Process: Shaping the Contours of the Field, First published. (2017).
38- Nguyen, N. The journey of organizational unlearning: a conversation with William H. Starbuck. The Learning Organization. (2017); 24(1): 58-66.
39- Sharma, S. & Lenka, U. Exploring linkages between unlearning and relearning in organizations. The Learning Organization, (2019); 26(5): 500-517.
40- Tabassum Azmi, F. Mapping the learn‐unlearn‐relearn model: Imperatives for strategic management. European Business Review. (2008); 20(3): 240-259.
41- Matsuo, M. Effects of team unlearning on employee creativity: The mediating effect of individual reflection. Journal of Workplace Learning. (2018); 30(7): 531-544.
42- Sabatine, F. Rediscovering Creativity ‐ Unlearning Old Habits. American Journal of Business. (1989); 4(2): 11-14.
43- Rebernik, M. & Širec, K. Fostering innovation by unlearning tacit knowledge, Kybernetes. (2007); 36(3/4): 406-419.
44- Yildiz, H.E., & Fey, C.F. Compatibility and unlearning in knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management. (2010); 26(4): 448-456.
45- Tsang, E.W.K. Transferring Knowledge to Acquisition Joint Ventures: An Organizational Unlearning Perspective. Management Learning. (2008); 39(1): 5-20.
46- Cepeda-Carrión, I., Leal-Millán, A.G., Ortega-Gutierrez, J., Leal-Rodriguez, A.L. Linking unlearning with service quality through learning processes in the Spanish banking industry. Journal of Business Research. (2015); 68(4): 1450-1457.
47- Zahra, S.A., Abdelgawad, S.G., & Tsang. E.W.K. Emerging Multinationals Venturing Into Developed Economies: Implications for Learning, Unlearning, and Entrepreneurial Capability. Journal of Management Inquiry. (2011); 20(3): 323-330.
48- Sinkula, J. Market‐based success, organizational routines, and unlearning. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. (2002); 17(4): 253-269.
49- Kleinfeld, D., & Pendergraft, D.B. Unlearning increases the storage capacity of content addressable memories. Biophysical Journal. (1987); 51(1): 47-53.
50- Dutta, U. Addressing Contextual Challenges in Underserved Indigenous Spaces of the Global South: In Search of an Approach Based on Unlearning, Co-Learning, and Relearning. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. (2019); 18, First Published December 23.
51- Cegarra Navarro, J.G., Moya, B.R. Business performance management and unlearning process. Knowledge and Process Management. (2005); 12(3): 161-170.
1- Starbuck, H.W. Unlearning what we knew and rediscovering what we could have known. Scand Journal Management. (2009); 25(2):240-2.
2- Tsang, E. W. K., & Zahra, S. Organizational unlearning. Human Relations. (2008); 61(10), 1435-1462.
3- Haeffner, M., Leone, D., Coons, L., & Chermack, T. The effects of scenario planning on participant perceptions of learning organization characteristics. Human Resource Development Quarterly. (2012); 23(4), 519–542.
4- Morais-Storz, M., & Nguyen, N. The role of unlearning in metamorphosis and strategic resilience. The Learning Organization. (2017); 24(2), 93–106.
5- Yang, k.p., Chou, C., & Chiu, Y.J. How unlearning affects radical innovation: The dynamics of social capital and slack resources, Technological Forecasting & Social Change. (2014). (article in press).
6- Wong, P.S.P., Cheung, S.O., Yiu, R.L.Y., & Hardie, M. The unlearning dimension of organizational learning in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management. (2012); 30: 94–104.
7- Wensley, A.K.P., & Cegarra Navarro, J.G. Overcoming knowledge loss through the utilization of an unlearning context. Journal of Business Research. (2015); 68(7): 1563-1569.
8- Zhao, Y., Lu, Y. & Wang, X. Organizational unlearning and organizational relearning: a dynamic process of knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management. (2013); 17(6): 902-912.
9- Adli, F. Unlearning; A way to learn more. Education Strategies. (2010); 3(1): 17-21.
10- Raste Moghaddam, A. And Abbaspour, A. In search of a new model of organizational Unlearning. Journal of Educational Sciences, Fourth Year. (2011); 16: 81-105.
11- Mohammadi Moghaddam, Y., Dadfar, A., and Gozmeh, A. Investigating the effect of organizational Unlearning on organizational performance with respect to the mediating variable of organizational agility. Public Management Research. (2016): 248-265.
12- Rajabipour Meybodi, AR, Hosseini, A. And Ajrlu, f. (2018). Analysis of the effect of Unlearning components in the organization on human resource development. Quarterly Journal of Human Resources Education and Development, Fifth Year, No. 17, pp. 137-157.
13- Nazaripour, a.h., shah siyan, N. Investigating the moderating role of remedial learning in the relationship between adaptation of new knowledge and knowledge transfer in the knowledge-based company. Management Research in Iran. (2018); 22(4): 23-47.
14- Akgün, A., Byrne, J., Lynn, G. and Keskin, H. Organizational unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management. (2007); 20(6): 794-812.
15- Becker, K. Unlearning as a driver of sustainable change and innovation: three Australian case studies. International Journal of Technology Management. (2008); 42(1/2): 89-106.
16- Becker, K., Hyland, P. and Acutt, B. Considering unlearning in HRD practices: an Australian study. Journal of European Industrial Training. (2006); 30(8): 608-621.
17- Becker, K. Facilitating unlearning during implementation of new technology. Journal of Organizational Change Management. (2010); 23(3): 251-268.
18- Lyua, C., Yanga, J., Zhangb, F., S.H. Teoc, T., & Guo, W. Antecedents and consequence of organizational unlearning: Evidence from China. Industrial Marketing Management. (2020). (article in press).
19- Casillas, J.C., Acedoa, F.J., Barbero, J.L. Learning, unlearning and internationalisation: Evidence from the pre-export phase. International Journal of Information Management. (2010); 30: 162–173.
20- Akgün, A.E., Byrne, J.C., Lynn, G.S., Keskin, H. New product development in turbulent environments: Impact of improvisation and unlearning on new product performance. Journal of Engineering. (2007); 4(1): 99-121.
21- Park S, & Kim E-J. Exploring linkages between unlearning and human resource development: Revisiting unlearning cases. Human Resource Development Quarterly. (2020):1–11.
22- Burt, G., & Nair, A.K. Rigidities of imagination in scenario planning: Strategic foresight through ‘Unlearning’. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. (2020); 153.
23- Wang, X., Qi, Y. & Zhao, Y. Individual unlearning, organizational unlearning and strategic flexibility: The down-up change perspective. Baltic Journal of Management. (2019); 14(1): 2-18.
24- Klammer, A. & Gueldenberg, S. Honor the old, welcome the new: an account of unlearning and forgetting in NPD teams. European Journal of Innovation Management. (2019). Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
25- Delshab, V. & Sadeghi Boroujerdi, SInvestigating the influence of unlearning on knowledge management in sport organizations. Kybernetes. (2018); 47(10): 2025-2040.
26- Aledo Ruíza, M.D., Ortega Gutiérrez, J., Martínez-Caroa, E., Cegarra-Navarro., J.G. Linking an unlearning context with firm performance through human capital. European Research on Management and Business Economics. (2017); 23:16–22.
27- Wang, X., Xi, Y., Xie, J. & Zhao, Y. Organizational unlearning and knowledge transfer in cross-border M&A: the roles of routine and knowledge compatibility. Journal of Knowledge Management. (2017); 21(6): 1580-1595.
28- Cegarra‐Navarro, J.G., Sánchez‐Vidal, M.E., Cegarra‐Leiva, D. Linking Unlearning with Work–Life Balance: An Initial Empirical Investigation into SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management. (2015); 54(1): 373-391.
29- Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Eldridge, S., & Martinez-Martinez, A. Managing environmental knowledge through unlearning in Spanish hospitality companies. Journal of Environmental Psychology. (2010); 30(2): 249-257.
30- Lei, D., Slocum, J.W., & Pitts, R.A. Designing organizations for competitive advantage: The power of unlearning and learning. Organizational Dynamics. (1999); 27(3): 24-38.
31- Leal-Rodríguez, A.L., Eldridge, S., Roldán, J.L., Leal-Millán, A.G., & Ortega-Gutiérrez, J. Organizational unlearning, innovation outcomes, and performance: The moderating effect of firm size. Journal of Business Research. (2014); (article in press).
32- Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Sánchez-Vidal, M.E., & Cegarra-Leiva, D. Balancing exploration and exploitation of knowledge through an unlearning context. An empirical investigation in SMEs. Management Decision. (2011); 49(7): 1099–1119.
33- Cepeda-Carrión, G., Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., & Jimenez-Jimenez, D. The effect of absorptive capacity on innovativeness: Context and information systems capability as catalysts. British Journal of Management. (2012); 23: 110–129.
34- Moitra, D. & Ganesh, J.. Web services and flexible business processes: towards the adaptive enterprise. Information & Management. (2005); 42(7): 921–933.
35- Gabriel Cegarra‐Navarro, J. & Arcas‐Lario, N. Building co‐operative knowledge through an unlearning context. Management Research Review. (2011); 34(5): 609-623.
36- Antonacopoulou, EImpact and scholarship: unlearning and practising to co-create actionable knowledge. Development and Learning in Organizations. (2010); 24(2).
37- Lyles, M.A., Szabot, K., Kocsis, E., Barden, J., Dhanaraj, C., Steensma, K., & Tihanyi, L. A Longitudinal Study of Organizational Learning, Unlearning, and Innovation Among IJVs in a Transitional Economy, Strategy Process: Shaping the Contours of the Field, First published. (2017).
38- Nguyen, N. The journey of organizational unlearning: a conversation with William H. Starbuck. The Learning Organization. (2017); 24(1): 58-66.
39- Sharma, S. & Lenka, U. Exploring linkages between unlearning and relearning in organizations. The Learning Organization, (2019); 26(5): 500-517.
40- Tabassum Azmi, F. Mapping the learn‐unlearn‐relearn model: Imperatives for strategic management. European Business Review. (2008); 20(3): 240-259.
41- Matsuo, M. Effects of team unlearning on employee creativity: The mediating effect of individual reflection. Journal of Workplace Learning. (2018); 30(7): 531-544.
42- Sabatine, F. Rediscovering Creativity ‐ Unlearning Old Habits. American Journal of Business. (1989); 4(2): 11-14.
43- Rebernik, M. & Širec, K. Fostering innovation by unlearning tacit knowledge, Kybernetes. (2007); 36(3/4): 406-419.
44- Yildiz, H.E., & Fey, C.F. Compatibility and unlearning in knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management. (2010); 26(4): 448-456.
45- Tsang, E.W.K. Transferring Knowledge to Acquisition Joint Ventures: An Organizational Unlearning Perspective. Management Learning. (2008); 39(1): 5-20.
46- Cepeda-Carrión, I., Leal-Millán, A.G., Ortega-Gutierrez, J., Leal-Rodriguez, A.L. Linking unlearning with service quality through learning processes in the Spanish banking industry. Journal of Business Research. (2015); 68(4): 1450-1457.
47- Zahra, S.A., Abdelgawad, S.G., & Tsang. E.W.K. Emerging Multinationals Venturing Into Developed Economies: Implications for Learning, Unlearning, and Entrepreneurial Capability. Journal of Management Inquiry. (2011); 20(3): 323-330.
48- Sinkula, J. Market‐based success, organizational routines, and unlearning. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. (2002); 17(4): 253-269.
49- Kleinfeld, D., & Pendergraft, D.B. Unlearning increases the storage capacity of content addressable memories. Biophysical Journal. (1987); 51(1): 47-53.
50- Dutta, U. Addressing Contextual Challenges in Underserved Indigenous Spaces of the Global South: In Search of an Approach Based on Unlearning, Co-Learning, and Relearning. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. (2019); 18, First Published December 23.
51- Cegarra Navarro, J.G., Moya, B.R. Business performance management and unlearning process. Knowledge and Process Management. (2005); 12(3): 161-170.